Görüşü Yumuşatma ve Kesinlik Derecesi
Ders hedefleri
- Kesin, güçlü ve ihtiyatlı görüşler arasındaki farkı anlamak
- may, might, tend to, seem to, appear to ve be likely to yapılarını doğal kullanmak
- Genellemeleri sınırlandırmak ve kanıt düzeyine göre ifade seçmek
- Akademik ve günlük iletişimde ölçülü iddia kurmak
Konuşma hedefi
Tartışmalı bir konu hakkında en az 90 saniye konuş; görüşünü belirt, kesinlik derecesini göster, bir istisna ekle ve sonucunu ölçülü biçimde ifade et.
Bu derste dikkat
B2 düzeyinde güçlü görünmek için her şeyi kesin söylemek gerekmez. Tam tersine, kanıtın sınırını göstermek konuşmayı daha güvenilir ve doğal hâle getirir.
B2 iletişiminde neden yumuşatma gerekir?
B1 düzeyinde I think this is a good idea gibi doğrudan görüşler yeterlidir. B2 düzeyinde ise konuşmacı ne kadar emin olduğunu, görüşünün hangi koşullarda geçerli olduğunu ve olası istisnaları da gösterir. Bu beceriye İngilizcede çoğu zaman hedging denir.
This policy will solve the problem. çok kesin bir iddiadır. This policy may help to reduce the problem in some situations. ise kanıtın sınırını daha doğru gösterir.
Kesinlik ölçeği
Çok güçlü: definitely, certainly, clearly, undoubtedly
Orta düzey: probably, be likely to, generally, in most cases
İhtiyatlı: may, might, could, seem to, appear to, tend to, to some extent
The change will definitely affect small businesses.
The change is likely to affect small businesses.
The change may affect some small businesses.
Kesinlik ve ihtiyat bildiren kelimeler
Temel yapılar ve anlam farkları
May, might ve could ile olasılık
may / might / could + fiilin yalın hâli
The new rule may improve safety.
Some users might find the interface confusing.
This approach could lead to better long-term results.
Might çoğu bağlamda may ile benzer kullanılır; bazen olasılığı biraz daha uzak hissettirebilir. Could ise mümkün sonuçlardan birini vurgular.
Seem, appear ve tend to
seem / appear + to + fiil gözlem veya mevcut kanıta dayalı ihtiyatlı çıkarım verir.
The new method seems to work well with younger learners.
The figures appear to show a gradual decline.
tend to + fiil genel eğilim anlatır; her durum için kesinlik iddia etmez.
Consumers tend to compare prices before making a decision.
Be likely to ve olasılık derecesi
Özne + be likely to + fiil güçlü fakat kesin olmayan beklenti bildirir.
The demand is likely to increase over the next few years.
People who receive regular feedback are more likely to improve.
unlikely to düşük olasılığı ifade eder: The situation is unlikely to change immediately.
Genellemeyi sınırlandırma
B2 konuşmacısı everyone, always, never gibi mutlak sözcükleri dikkatli kullanır. Daha doğal seçenekler:
- many people / a significant number of people
- in many cases / in most situations
- generally / typically / often
- not all / not necessarily / to some extent
Not all students benefit from the same learning method.
Technology is useful in many cases, but it is not necessarily the best solution for every problem.
Aynı fikri farklı kesinlik derecelerinde söyleme
- Kesin: Social media has a negative effect on young people.
Sosyal medyanın gençler üzerinde olumsuz etkisi vardır. - Orta: Social media is likely to have a negative effect on some young people.
Sosyal medyanın bazı gençler üzerinde olumsuz etkisi olması muhtemeldir. - İhtiyatlı: Social media may have a negative effect on young people, particularly when it is used excessively.
Sosyal medya özellikle aşırı kullanıldığında gençler üzerinde olumsuz etki yaratabilir.
Kanıt, kaynak ve kişisel görüş ayrımı
İddianın kaynağını göstermek
In my experience, flexible working can improve motivation. kişisel deneyimi gösterir.
According to recent research, flexible working may improve motivation. dış kaynağa dayanır.
The available evidence suggests that flexible working can improve motivation. kanıtın yönünü gösterir fakat kesin sonuç iddia etmez.
Türkçe konuşanların sık yaptığı hatalar
According to me, this is wrong.→ In my opinion, this is wrong.
According to genellikle dış bir kaynağın ardından kullanılır.People is likely to change.→ People are likely to change.
Be fiili özneyle uyumlu olmalıdır.It may can cause problems.→ It may cause problems. / It can cause problems.
İki modal fiil art arda kullanılmaz.Everybody always prefers online learning.→ Many people tend to prefer online learning in certain situations.
Mutlak genellemeyi kanıtın desteklediği ölçüde sınırlandır.
Kontrollü alıştırma
- Kesin cümleyi ihtiyatlı hâle getir: Online work increases productivity.
- Genellemeyi sınırlandır: Everyone learns better with technology.
- Seem to kullanarak yaz: The results support our hypothesis.
- Be likely to ile gelecek beklentisi kur: Demand will rise next year.
- Kişisel görüş ile araştırma bulgusunu ayrı cümlelerde ifade et.
Örnek cevapları göster
1. Online work may increase productivity in some contexts.
2. Many learners seem to benefit from technology, although not everyone learns in the same way.
3. The results seem to support our hypothesis.
4. Demand is likely to rise next year.
5. In my experience, flexible schedules are useful. According to recent research, they may also improve employee satisfaction.
Tartışma diyaloğu: Yapay zekâ ve eğitim
Okuma ve dinleme: Is Remote Work Always Better?
Remote work is often presented as a solution to many workplace problems. It can potentially reduce commuting time, increase flexibility and help organisations recruit people from a wider area. However, these advantages do not necessarily mean that remote work is suitable for every employee or every type of task. Some workers appear to be more productive at home, while others tend to struggle with isolation, communication or the separation between work and personal life. The most effective arrangement is therefore likely to depend on the individual, the role and the culture of the organisation. A flexible hybrid model may, in many cases, offer a more balanced solution than a single rule for everyone.
Okuduğunu anlama
- Which three possible benefits of remote work are mentioned?
- Why is remote work not necessarily suitable for everyone?
- Which factors may determine the most effective arrangement?
- What solution does the writer cautiously suggest?
Cevapları göster
1. Less commuting, more flexibility and wider recruitment opportunities.
2. Some workers may experience isolation, communication difficulties or weak work-life boundaries.
3. The individual, the role and the organisational culture.
4. A flexible hybrid model.
Ses metnini göster
Remote work is often presented as a solution to many workplace problems. It can potentially reduce commuting time, increase flexibility and help organisations recruit people from a wider area. However, these advantages do not necessarily mean that remote work is suitable for every employee or every type of task. Some workers appear to be more productive at home, while others tend to struggle with isolation, communication or the separation between work and personal life. The most effective arrangement is therefore likely to depend on the individual, the role and the culture of the organisation. A flexible hybrid model may, in many cases, offer a more balanced solution than a single rule for everyone. Which three possible benefits of remote work are mentioned?Why is remote work not necessarily suitable for everyone?Which factors may determine the most effective arrangement?What solution does the writer cautiously suggest? Cevapları göster1. Less commuting, more flexibility and wider recruitment opportunities.2. Some workers may experience isolation, communication difficulties or weak work-life boundaries.3. The individual, the role and the organisational culture.4. A flexible hybrid model.
Ses metnini göster
Remote work is often presented as a solution to many workplace problems. It can potentially reduce commuting time, increase flexibility and help organisations recruit people from a wider area. However, these advantages do not necessarily mean that remote work is suitable for every employee or every type of task. Some workers appear to be more productive at home, while others tend to struggle with isolation, communication or the separation between work and personal life. The most effective arrangement is therefore likely to depend on the individual, the role and the culture of the organisation. A flexible hybrid model may, in many cases, offer a more balanced solution than a single rule for everyone. Which three possible benefits of remote work are mentioned?Why is remote work not necessarily suitable for everyone?Which factors may determine the most effective arrangement?What solution does the writer cautiously suggest? Cevapları göster1. Less commuting, more flexibility and wider recruitment opportunities.2. Some workers may experience isolation, communication difficulties or weak work-life boundaries.3. The individual, the role and the organisational culture.4. A flexible hybrid model.
Konuşma görevi
“Üniversite eğitimi tamamen çevrim içi olabilir mi?” sorusuna 90–120 saniyelik cevap ver. En az dört ihtiyat ifadesi kullan: may, be likely to, tend to, not necessarily, to some extent, seem to. Bir avantaj, bir sınırlama ve bir istisna belirt.
Yazma görevi
“Technology generally improves quality of life.” görüşünü 160–190 kelimelik dengeli bir paragrafta değerlendir. Kesin olmayan iddialar kur, karşı örnek ekle ve sonucunu kanıt düzeyine uygun biçimde sınırlandır.
Ders sonu kontrolü
- Bir iddianın kesinlik derecesini ayarlayabiliyorum.
- May, might, seem to, tend to ve be likely to yapılarını ayırt edebiliyorum.
- Mutlak genellemeleri doğal biçimde sınırlandırabiliyorum.
- Kişisel görüş, gözlem ve araştırma bulgusunu ayrı biçimde sunabiliyorum.